Overflow is a new mechanic in Path of Exile 2 that can increase the current amount of a resource such as Life or Energy Shield. When a resource is overflowed, it's increased above its maximum, up to twice that much.
Current vs Maximum
Overflow only increases the current resource, not its maximum. For example in the video to the right, an Invoker is using the Meditate ability to overflow Energy Shield.
Meditate
Notice that their current Energy Shield is doubled, but their maximum Energy Shield remains the same. This is important for any mechanics that scale based on a maximum resource.
